Pneumonia is a catchall term for an infection of the lung. Pneumonia is a pulmonary infection that is characterized by the inflammation of the lung parenchyma. The impact of pneumonia on health care is significant in terms of morbidity, cost, and likely patient mortality. Radiographic images in a patient with right upper lobe pneumonia. Pneumonia in children typically presents with tachypnea rapid breathing, fever, and cough. Describe the metabolic and physiologic responses to anemia, with emphasis on those that give rise to the clinical findings. Newer definitions have to consider worsening of oxygenation, in addition to purulent respiratory secretions, chestx rays opacities, and biomarkers of inflammation. Pneumonia is commonly encountered by emergency department and primary care clinicians. Pneumonia caused by bacteria can be treated with antibiotics, but only one third of children with pneumonia receive the antibiotics they need.
Pneumonia can be caused by a variety of germs, including viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Childhood pneumonia remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries, whereas mortality rates in the developed world have decreased secondary to new vaccines, antimicrobials, and advances in diagnostic and monitoring techniques. Pathophysiology of pneumonia respiratory tract disorders. Causes, symptoms, treatment, preventive measures, and prognosis differ depending on whether the infection is bacterial, mycobacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic.
Pneumonia is a lung condition wherein the parenchyma of the lung becomes inflamed. Historically, patients admitted with pneumonia were divided into two groups. A ct scan also shows the airway trachea and bronchi in great detail and can help determine if pneumonia may be related to a problem within the airway. Most of the time, however, people experience a full recovery. Pneumonia can be caused by a variety of germs, including viruses. Pneumonia, inflammation and consolidation of the lung tissue as a result of infection, inhalation of foreign particles, or irradiation. Accordingly pneumonia may be classified as cap typical and atypical cap, nosocomial pneumonia, aspiration pneumonia, pneumonia in immunecompromised host and necrotizing pneumonia. A free powerpoint ppt presentation displayed as a flash slide show on id. There was a call to reach a consensus on definitions of pneumonia in both resourcelimited and wellresourced settings. Pneumonia is a lung infection that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. The alveoli are tiny sacs in human lungs, filled with air. Robbins basic pathology pdf free download latest edition.
The most common causes of cap vary depending on a persons age, but they include streptococcus pneumoniae, viruses, the atypical bacteria, and haemophilus influenzae. Initial diagnosis is usually based on chest xray and clinical findings. The pneumonia severity index should be used to assist in decisions regarding hospitalization of patients with cap. Healthcareassociated pneumonia hcap patients with exposure to healthcare e. Communityacquired pneumonia cap remains the main cause of death from infectious disease globally and is associated with considerable impact on morbidity and mortality especially in the elderly. The alveolar macrophage acting as a lastdefense mechanism against bacteria that reach the alveolar space. Name the most important cause of bacterial pneumonia in children older than 6 months of age. Although viral pneumonia does occur, viruses more commonly play a part in weakening. Cough, particularly cough productive of sputum, is the most consistent. Pneumonia harrisons principles of internal medicine, 19e. The clinical and laboratory manifestations of the pneumonia syndrome according to the local or the systemic. Treatment for pneumonia usually depends on the type of pneumonia, bacterial or viral.
Depends on the stage of pneumonia diminished breath sound scattered crackels and rhonchi over affected lung. In adults it is mostly caused by bacteria whereas in children and infants it is commonly due to viruses. This approach facilitates discussion of characteristic clinical presentations but is a limited guide to patient management since specific microbiologic information is rarely. Clinically it is prudent to classify pneumonia according to setting in which it occurs because it helps the treating physician to give empirical antimicrobial therapy.
Community acquired pneumonia cap patients without significant healthcare contact. Pneumonia definition pneumonia is an acute infection of the parenchyma of the lung, caused. Demographics pneumonia is the leading infectious cause of death in children worldwide, accounting for 15% of all deaths of children under 5 years old. Note the increased anteroposterior chest diameter, which is suggestive of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease copd. Ppt pneumonia powerpoint presentation free to download. As already mentioned, pneumonia develops as a result of inflammation of the alveolar space. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in china, 2019. Airway colonization, ventilatorassociated tracheobronchitis vat, and hospitalacquired hap and ventilatorassociated pneumonia vap are three manifestations having the presence of microorganisms in airways in common. In children, respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, human. Viral infections are the most frequent cause of childhood pneumonia, particularly in preschool ages.
Pneumonia 15 pneumonia is a lung infection involving the lung alveoli air sacs and can be caused by microbes, including bacteria, viruses, or fungi. The care provider can usually diagnose the cause and determine the appropriate therapy based on the history and physical. Describe the findings of pneumonia on physical examination of preschool children. Viral pneumonia does not require antibiotics instead antiviral medications are prescribed. Lipsett, mdb, pneumonia is one of the most common nosocomial infections occurring in hospitalized patients.
In addition, knowledge of the varying diagnostic and treatment regimens may lead to improvements. Despite being the cause of significant morbidity and mortality, pneumonia is often misdiagnosed, mistreated, and underestimated. Overview of pneumonia merck manuals professional edition. In the past, pneumonia was typically classified as communityacquired cap, hospitalacquired hap, or. Pneumonia harrisons principles of internal medicine. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and microbiology of. Background pneumonia was first described by hippocrates 5 460 370 bc. Pneumonia has classically been considered in terms of the infecting organism table 98efigures 98, 99, 910, and 911. Acute pneumonias classic pneumococcal bronchopneumonias such as streptococcus pneumoniae. Jun 15, 2017 pathophysiology how does pneumonia develop. The alveoli are responsible for gas exchange, and any kind of inflammation in alveolar space compromises this process. Pneumonia mycoplasma pneumoniae diseasepathogenesis for. Choose from 98 different sets of pneumonia pathophysiology flashcards on quizlet.
Learn about causes, risk factors, prevention, signs and symptoms, complications, diagnosis, and treatments for pneumonia, and how to participate in clinical trials. Read pneumonia books like inflamed lungs, pneumonitis a simple guide to the condition, diagnosis, treatment and related conditions and killer whales orcas that died in captivity by location for free with a free 30day trial. Individuals with bacterial pneumonia are usually treated using antibiotics to cure the infection. Linezolid versus vancomycin or teicoplanin for nosocomial pneumonia. Learn from pneumonia experts like kenneth kee and the orca project corp. The individual usually takes one to three weeks to recover. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and microbiology of communityacquired pneumonia. Sudden shaking chill followed high fever, cough, grunting, chest pain, drowsiness, rapid respiration, dry cough, anxiety circumoaral cyanosis. Physical or chemical injury to the lungs can also result in the condition.
Robbins basic is a book for pathology in 2nd year of mbbs and is widely used among medical students and doctors. What is the pathophysiology of bacterial pneumonia. Choose from 249 different sets of pneumonia pathophysiology etiology flashcards on quizlet. Background aspiration of oropharyngeal or gastric contents into the lower airways can cause a number of syndromes including chemical and bacterial pneumonia, although the pathophysiology of each entity is different. Pneumonia is a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection of the lungs that causes the air sacs, or alveoli, of the lungs to fill up with fluid or pus. Pneumonia is often a shortterm illness but sometimes it can last longer, or get worse before it gets better. Microbes can reach the lungs by inhalation, aspiration the entrance of solid or liquid material into the lungs, for example, during vomiting or by blood, for example, in intravenous drug users or during blood infection or septicemia septic pneumonia. It is the leading infectious cause of hospitalization and death in the united states and exacts an enormous cost in economic and human terms. The varied presentation and limited diagnostic methods available present unique challenges for accurately identifying m.
Many organisms, including viruses and fungi, can cause pneumonia, but the most common causes are bacteria, in particular species of streptococcus and mycoplasma. About 200 million cases of viral communityacquired pneumonia occur every year100 million in children and 100 million in adults. Community acquired pneumonia infectious disease and. Viral etiology cold, dry weather and crowding favors spread virus replicates exponentially wi respiratory tract. Hospitalacquired pneumonia hap is pneumonia that occurs more than 48 hours after admission1 and without any antecedent signs of infection at the. Recruitment of phagocytic cells to the alveolar space mediated by the local production of cytokines. Molecular diagnostic tests have greatly increased our understanding of the role of viruses in pneumonia, and findings indicate that the incidence of viral pneumonia has been underestimated. A free powerpoint ppt presentation displayed as a flash slide show on. Guidance we have withdrawn this guideline during the covid19 pandemic. Pneumonia is the only journal to focus exclusively on pneumonia. Department of pediatrics, respiratory medicine division, university of virginia health system, charlottesville, va after completing this article, readers should be able to. In the past, pneumonia was typically classified as communityacquired cap, hospitalacquired hap, or ventilatorassociated vap.
S64 understanding better the pathophysiology of aspiration. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Pneumonia is an infection of the pulmonary parenchyma. Many patients with chronic diseases acquire terminal pneumonia while hospitalized nosocomial infection. Learn pneumonia pathophysiology with free interactive flashcards.
The definition of hcap was based on expert opinion rather than. Pneumonia national heart, lung, and blood institute nhlbi. Learn pneumonia pathophysiology etiology with free interactive flashcards. Pneumonia is usually caused due to an infection with a bacteria, virus, fungi or parasite. Communityacquired pneumonia cap is infectious pneumonia in a person who has not recently been hospitalized. Pneumonia killed an estimated 9,35,000 children under the age of five in 20. This healthhearty writeup provides information on the pathophysiology of pneumonia. The inflammation could occur due to a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection. Definition is an inflammatory condition of the lung it is often characterized as including inflammation of the parenchyma of the lung alveoli and abnormal alveolar filling with fluid consolidation and exudation can be acute chronic. Pneumonia can range in severity from a mild illness to a severe, even lifethreatening illness.
Pseudomonas, achromobacter, acinetobacter, stenotrophomonas should receive 7 days of therapy complicated pneumonia. In other parts of the world, rates of pneumonia and deaths are much higher. Pneumonia is acute inflammation of the lungs caused by infection. Kalil ac, murthy mh, hermsen ed, neto fk, sun j, rupp me. The care provider can usually diagnose the cause and determine the. Pneumonia current medical diagnosis and treatment 2020. When you breathe in, oxygenrich air travels into the body through the airways trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles in your lungs. Apr 02, 2020 pneumonia, inflammation and consolidation of the lung tissue as a result of infection, inhalation of foreign particles, or irradiation. A ct scan can also show complications of pneumonia, abscesses or pleural effusions and enlarged lymph nodes. Diagnosis and treatment of communityacquired pneumonia.